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Waltharius
Part III1062 The unlucky king, seeing this, drew in his breath and, trying to escape in all eagerness, mounted the back of his finely adorned1 horse to fly quickly to gloomy Hagen2 and tried with all kinds of pleas to make him go with him and renew the battle. But Hagen spoke: "The unspeakable race of my parents prevents me from fighting, and cold blood has stolen my wits away in the midst of battle. So I say, for my father melted down, whenever he set eyes upon weapons, and fearfully renounced combat with many a word. When you made those taunts, king, among your comrades, our aid to you was shameful indeed."3 1073 The other, nonetheless, entreating him yet more as he refused, strove to change him with such words as these: "I beseech you by the gods. Drop this wrath that you have conceived within! Shake off this anger you have for me! If we live and return home together, I shall requite my debt to you with many generous rewards. Do you not feel ashamed to disown your manhood, when so many of your companions and relatives have died? Words, I think, can move your mind more than awful deeds. You would more justly have grown angry at a cruel tyrant, who alone today had dared to defame the Head of the world.4 We suffer no little loss from the slaughter of men. Yet never will Frankland overcome so great a dishonor.5 Those who used to fear us will whisper and say: 'All the army of the Franks at the hands of one man—for shame we know not even whom—is slain with no retribution.'" 1089 Still Hagen kept delaying and tossing about in his heart his pledge to Walter and recalling the event in sequence just as it happened, but the unlucky king pressed upon him, imploring even more, until moved by the vigor of his insistent pleas he blushed at the face of his lord and thought again of the honor that he had on account of his courage, and how it would perhaps henceforth become vile, if he were to spare himself in this situation. At last he burst out and answered thus in a clear voice: "Whither do you call me, lord? Whither shall I follow, famous prince? Confidence promises the heart what cannot happen.6 Who has ever proved to be so foolish that he has tried to jump into the gaping pit7 of his own accord? So I say, for I know Walter is so bitter on the field of battle that, situated in such a stronghold and residence, he will despise a huge company as if it were one little man. Even if Frankland had sent all her cavalry and infantry here, still he would have done just the same; but, since I see that you are more grieved by shame than by destructive slaughter, and that you do not want thus to leave, I feel sympathy, and my own grief gives way to my king's honor. And look! I shall try to find the path of salvation,8 which shows itself either nowhere or else only under compulsion.9 So I say, for on my dear nephew's account—I confess, my lord—I would not spoil the oath I pledged. Look! For you, my king, I shall go into certain danger. But know now that I will go far from the conflict. Let us depart and give him space to come out, and then place ourselves in a lookout10 and pasture our horses in the meadow, until, secure at last, he leaves his close-set stronghold, thinking that we have gone. When he steps into the open field, let us rise and attack him from behind while he is surprised. Thus can we try some work of courage. But this very sure hope I have amongst doubtful things: then, my king, you will be able to fight—if you have a mind for war—for he will never put the two of us to flight, but we must either flee or wage fierce war." 1126 His lord praises the advice, embraces him, and comforts him with a kiss. And look! They leave and search for a place suitable for ambush, and relaxing they tie up their horses on the lush grass. 1130 Meanwhile, Phoebus11 tilts toward the western shores, marks his farthest tracks over famous Thule, and leaves the Spaniards along with the Irishmen behind him. After the Sun has gradually warmed the ocean waves, Hesperus12 turns his horns to the Ausonid13 lands, and then wisely the warrior begins to think to himself whether to stay in his safe stronghold while all was deeply silent or to entrust himself to the vast fields of wilderness. He storms within amidst great waves of worry and searches his wits in a swift hunt.14 So he did, for he feared Hagen alone, and that kiss and embrace of the king. He was totally unsure about the mind of his enemy—would they want to return to the city that they had left to gather more comrades over night and come back at first light to renew awful war, or would they set an ambush by themselves and lie in wait nearby? In addition to these worries the forest with its unfamiliar, crossing trails made him fear that he might chance upon places rough with thorn-bushes,15 or even wild beasts, and somehow lose his betrothed. After considering all of this, he spoke: "Well, however the affair turns out, I shall rest here until the sphere runs its course and returns its beloved light so that that haughty king may not say that I fled the bounds of his country like a thief through the shadows."16 1155 He spoke and look! He fortified the tight path with a barricade, placing freshly cut thorns and Christ's Thorn17 together all around. When he had finished, he turned to the maimed corpses with a bitter groan and put the heads beside each of them;18 and, lying face down toward the East19 with his bare sword in his hand, he prayed thus: "To the maker of the world who also governs all creation, without whose permission or even command nothing stands, I give thanks that he has defended me from the unjust blows of the hostile band and also from their abusive taunts.20 But I beseech my kind Lord with a repentant mind that he, who wants to destroy not sinners but their faults, may allow me to see these men in the heavenly home." 1168 After completing his prayer, straightaway he rises, turns the six horses around, and ties them up with thin twigs twisted in the customary way—only these remained; for two were killed in battle, and king Gunther had driven off three.21 Finishing all of this, he loosens his belt, removes the massive weight, and lightens his steaming body.22 1174 Then with happy words he consoles his gloomy bride and soon took food and refreshed his weary limbs, for he was quite exhausted. Then, lying back against his shield, he ordered the girl to keep watch so that he might sleep first. He decided to take the morning watch which was more suspect, and at last he rested. 1180 At his head she sat and kept her usual watch and kept her sleepy eyes awake by singing. But when the man first broke his sleep and awoke, he rose without delay, ordered the girl to sleep, and quickly snatched up a spear and propped himself against it. So he continued the rest of the night, for sometimes he would go among the horses, and sometimes he would approach the barricade and listen, wishing that the appearance of the world and light would return. Meanwhile, Lucifer23 scaled Olympus as herald, saying: "The isle of Taprobane24 sees the bright sun." It was the hour when the chilly Eous25 bedews the land. The youth approached to despoil the slain of their arms and armor. Leaving the shirts and other things, he only stripped the armbands, belts and belt buckles, swords, hauberks, and the helmets too. 1195 He loaded four horses, placed the one he called his bride on the fifth, and mounted the sixth himself. Then he went out first, after pulling aside the barricade. Yet, while the path of the confined trail pierced onward, checking everything around him with clear eyes, he caught the airy wind in his ears, pricked to see if he could hear any whispers, footsteps, jangling bridles of haughty men, or even, perhaps, the clatter of an iron-clad horse's hoof. 1204 After he saw that all was quiet, he moved the burdened horses in front of him and bid the girl too to go ahead. He himself, keeping hold of the horse carrying the coffers, dared to follow the path girt in his usual apparel. He crossed nearly a mile, and look! The girl—for her fragile sex drove her to fear in her heart—looked back and saw the two men coming down from a hill, going at a fast and unusual pace.26 Going white, she addressed the man behind her with a cry: "Our delayed end has now come. Flee, lord! They are closing in!" 1214 He turned, recognized them at first sight, and said: "In vain, did my right hand27 lay low my enemies, if glory shall abandon me at the last, and dishonor stand at my side. It is better to seek a handsome death in battle than to lose our possessions and escape alone as a wanderers.28 But the rewards of salvation are not so hopeless for one who has seen greater perils. Take the reins of Lion, who carries the gold, go quickly, and hurry into that nearby wood! But I choose rather to stand by on the mountain's slope, waiting for what shall come and greeting them as they arrive." 1225 The famous young maiden obeys his words as he commands. He quickly grabs his shield and shakes his spear to test the temper of the unfamiliar horse in battle. The king races madly at him, with his retainer at his side, and from afar he addresses him in the haughtiest manner: "Savage enemy, you will now be cheated of all your hard work! Look! Your hidden den is far away, the place from which, like a wolfhound bitch you used rabidly to gnash your teeth and bark. Behold! Fight, if you will, in an open field and find out if luck can get you an end equal to your beginning. I know—you have invited Fortune with a reward,29 and so you disdain flight or surrender." 1 Kratz (1984) describes the horse as "richly furbished", perhaps a misprint for "furnished"—the Latin term falerati indicates that the horse has an ornament on his head or chest.
2 He is sad for the death of friends and his nephew. This foreshadows his choice to join Gunther against Walter.
3 See lines 628-31 for Gunther's taunt.
4 That is, "God."
5 The dishonor seems to lie in their failure to take Walter.
6 That is, "promisses impossible things."
7 For baratrum compare Judges 5:15 and Lucretius 3.966. One could also translate "jump over the gaping pit."
8 For "viam...salutis" ("the path of salvation") compare Acts 16:17. One could also follow Kratz (1984) and translate the phrase as "the path to safety", since it is also found in pagan literature (Servius On the Aeneid 8.131 and Cicero De Haruspicum Responso 63).
9 Kratz (1984) translates: "...I will try to find a path to safety / Which will reveal itself—if not at once, then never." But nusquam means "nowhere" not "never," and "coacte" must mean something like "under force" rather than "at once." The "sive" then is parallel to "aut"; that is, it means simply "or else" not "if not"—see the Oxford Latin Dictionary under "sive" 5a.
10 Kratz (1984) translates "speculis" as "caves", but Niermeyer (1976) defines speculum as "watch-tower." Langosch has "auf die Lauer" ("on the lookout").
11 That is, the Sun.
12 That is, "The Evening Star"
13 That is, "western." The poet seems to have created this adjective from the Vergilian form "Ausonidum" ( Aeneid 10.564, 11.297, 12.121) which Servius ( On the Aeneid 10.564) explains as a special genitive plural of a first declension noun, Ausonida.
14 For “arguta indagine” (“in a swift hunt”) compare Servius On the Aeneid 4.121 "indagine ferarum inquisitione", On the Eclogues 4.34 "argutos celeres dici" and 7.1 "alibi 'argutum' breve".
15 Perhaps this is a sly allusion to "thorny Hagen," as Kratz (1984) here suggests. See line 1351 for a pun on Hagen's name, which is etymologically related to "hedge" and the haw- "in hawthorn."
16 This is another instance of the thievery topos running throught the latter half of the poem.
17 Compare Vergil Eclogues 5.39 and Servius on that line. Paliurus or “Christ's Thorn” is one of several different thorny or prickly shrubs found in Palestine including Paliurus aculeatus, Zizyphus Spina-Christi, and Z. vulgaris. The last produces the jujube fruit and may have been most available for making the crown of thorns for Christ.
18 Concerning the debate over how Christian the poem and its hero are, Kratz (1984: xviii) says: "[Those arguing for a Christian hero] point specifically to his various expressions of contrition and especially to the scene in which Walter, during a respite from the attacks against him, fits the heads of his decapitated foes to their appropriate trunks and prays for his victims."
19 Early Christians (and many still today) placed altars at the eastern end of their churches, and thus prayer was supposed to face the altar or (in the absence of an altar) the East. This orientation may be owing to the association of Christ who rose again with the Sun which rose in the East.
20 Kratz (1984) translates “probris” (“from their abusive taunts”) as "from disgrace".
21 This does not count the king's own and Hagen's which would make the full total of 13.
22 Evidently he is hot and sweaty from fighting.
23 That is, the "Dawn Star."
24 Perhaps Sri Lanka (Ceylon), the island of Taprobane is mentioned several times by Pliny the Elder in his Natural Histories : 6.79, 6.81, 6.89, 6.92, 7.30, 9.106, an 32.143, and by others including Ovid Pont . 1.5.80 and Servius ad Geo . 1.48
25 That is, the "Morning Star"; compare Vergil Georgics 1.288.
26 The odd phrasing here is due to the poet's adaptation of Vergil's choice wording “raptim et sine more”–compare Aeneid 8.635 and Servius on this line.
27 Again he speaks of his right hand as his source of glory and honor; compare his invocation of both hands above (813 ff.) and his loss of his right hand in the final battle.
28 Walter's desire for honor and possessions are un-Christian and represent the pagan Germanic aspect of the hero, which underlies much of his attitude and actions—for example the violent beheadings of his opponents. It is, therefore, clear that the author of the Latin version did not seek to erase these qualities but rather to provide a context in which to evaluate them. Walter is a sinner, but admirably he realizes this.
29 Kratz (1984) notes here that those who call on Fortune in medieval literature are often concerned with transitory values rather than permanent moral goods.
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