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The Religious Practices of the Pre-Christian and Viking Age North


275. The Religion of the Northmen by Rudolph Keyser. Translated by Barclay Pennock, NEW YORK: CHARLES B. NORTON, 71 CHAMBERS STREET,
AGENT FOR LIBRARIES. 1854.
276. The Lost Beliefs of Northern Europe by Hilda Ellis Davidson, 1993, p.102.
277. A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic, by Geir T. Zoëga, 1910.
278. Grimm's Teutonic Mythology by Jakob Grimm, Vol.'s 1-4, 1883, 1888, chapter 3.
279. Ibid.
280. Ibid.
281. Myths and Symbols In Pagan Europe by H. R. Ellis Davidson. 1988, p.131.
282. Ibid, p.132.
283. Dictionary of Northern Mythology by Rudolf Simek. Translated by Angela Hall, 1984, 1993.
284. Grimm's Teutonic Mythology by Jakob Grimm, Vol.'s 1-4, 1883, 1888, chapter 3.
285. Myths and Symbols In Pagan Europe by H. R. Ellis Davidson. 1988, p.132.
286. Ibid, p.63.
287. Grimm's Teutonic Mythology by Jakob Grimm, Vol.'s 1-4, 1883, 1888, chapter 20.
288. The Saga of Firdthjof the Bold, in Viking Tales of North translated by Rasmus B. Anderson, 1877, chapter 6.
289. Kormaks Saga, chapter 22.
290. Myths and Symbols In Pagan Europe by H. R. Ellis Davidson. 1988, p.116.
291. The Lost Beliefs of Northern Europe by Hilda Ellis Davidson, 1993, p.104.
292. Grimm's Teutonic Mythology by Jakob Grimm, Vol.'s 1-4, 1883, 1888, chapter 3.
293. Nordic Religions in the Viking Age by Thomas A. DuBois. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia. 1999, p.47.
294. Heimskringla: A History of the Norse Kings" (Norroena Society, London, 1907), King Olaf Tryggvason's Saga, chapter 28.
295. Víga-Glúm's Saga, chapter 9.
296. Grimm's Teutonic Mythology by Jakob Grimm, Vol.'s 1-4, 1883, 1888, chapter 3.
297. The Religion of the Northmen by Rudolph Keyser. Translated by Barclay Pennock, NEW YORK: CHARLES B. NORTON, 71 CHAMBERS STREET,
AGENT FOR LIBRARIES. 1854.
298. Grimm's Teutonic Mythology by Jakob Grimm, Vol.'s 1-4, 1883, 1888, chapter 3.
299. Ibid.
300. Ibid, chapter 10.
301. Ibid, chapter 3.
302. Ibid.
303. Ibid.
304. The Religion of the Northmen by Rudolph Keyser. Translated by Barclay Pennock, NEW YORK: CHARLES B. NORTON, 71 CHAMBERS STREET,
AGENT FOR LIBRARIES. 1854.
305. The Religion of the Northmen by Rudolph Keyser. Translated by Barclay Pennock, NEW YORK: CHARLES B. NORTON, 71 CHAMBERS STREET,
AGENT FOR LIBRARIES. 1854.
306. A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic, by Geir T. Zoëga, 1910.
307. Myths and Symbols In Pagan Europe by H. R. Ellis Davidson. 1988, p.50.
308. Ibid, p.50.
309. The Lost Beliefs of Northern Europe by Hilda Ellis Davidson, 1993, p. 102.
310. Myths and Symbols In Pagan Europe by H. R. Ellis Davidson. 1988, p.33.
311. The Religion of the Northmen by Rudolph Keyser. Translated by Barclay Pennock, NEW YORK: CHARLES B. NORTON, 71 CHAMBERS STREET,
AGENT FOR LIBRARIES. 1854.
312. Grimm's Teutonic Mythology by Jakob Grimm, Vol.'s 1-4, 1883, 1888, chapter 3.
313. The Religion of Ancient Scandinavia by W. A. Craigie, M. A. LONDON
CONSTABLE & COMPANY LTD 10 ORANGE STREET LEICESTER SQUARE 1914.
314. Grimm's Teutonic Mythology by Jakob Grimm, Vol.'s 1-4, 1883, 1888, chapter 3.
315. Ibid.
316. Ibid.
317. Ibid.
318. Ibid, chapter 4.
319. Myths and Symbols In Pagan Europe by H. R. Ellis Davidson. 1988, p.52-53.
320. The Religion of Ancient Scandinavia by W. A. Craigie, M. A. LONDON
CONSTABLE & COMPANY LTD 10 ORANGE STREET LEICESTER SQUARE 1914.
321. Grimm's Teutonic Mythology by Jakob Grimm, Vol.'s 1-4, 1883, 1888, chapter 3.
322. Ibid, chapter 21.
323. Nordic Religions in the Viking Age by Thomas A. DuBois. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia. 1999, p.51.
324. Grimm's Teutonic Mythology by Jakob Grimm, Vol.'s 1-4, 1883, 1888, chapter 4.
325. Myths and Symbols In Pagan Europe by H. R. Ellis Davidson. 1988, p.36-37.
326. Ibid, p.62.
327. The Lost Beliefs of Northern Europe by Hilda Ellis Davidson, 1993, p.91.
328. Myths and Symbols In Pagan Europe by H. R. Ellis Davidson. 1988, p.55.
329. Grimm's Teutonic Mythology by Jakob Grimm, Vol.'s 1-4, 1883, 1888, chapter 3.
330. Myths and Symbols In Pagan Europe by H. R. Ellis Davidson. 1988, p.57.
331. Grimm's Teutonic Mythology by Jakob Grimm, Vol.'s 1-4, 1883, 1888, chapter 3.
332. The Religion of the Northmen by Rudolph Keyser. Translated by Barclay Pennock, NEW YORK: CHARLES B. NORTON, 71 CHAMBERS STREET,
AGENT FOR LIBRARIES. 1854.
333. Grimm's Teutonic Mythology by Jakob Grimm, Vol.'s 1-4, 1883, 1888, chapter 21.
334. Ibid, chapter 3.
335. A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic, by Geir T. Zoëga, 1910.
336. The Lost Beliefs of Northern Europe by Hilda Ellis Davidson, 1993, p.91.
337. Grimm's Teutonic Mythology by Jakob Grimm, Vol.'s 1-4, 1883, 1888, chapter 21.
338. Kormaks Saga, chapter 22.
339. Grimm's Teutonic Mythology by Jakob Grimm, Vol.'s 1-4, 1883, 1888, chapter 3.
340. Ibid.
341. Ibid, chapter 20.
342. Ibid, chapter 3.
343. Myths and Symbols In Pagan Europe by H. R. Ellis Davidson. 1988, p.56.
344. Ibid, p.53.
345. Ibid.
346. Grimm's Teutonic Mythology by Jakob Grimm, Vol.'s 1-4, 1883, 1888, chapter 10.
347. The Lost Beliefs of Northern Europe by Hilda Ellis Davidson, 1993, p.104.
348. Ibid.
349. Ibid.
350. Myths and Symbols In Pagan Europe by H. R. Ellis Davidson. 1988, p.56.
351. Grimm's Teutonic Mythology by Jakob Grimm, Vol.'s 1-4, 1883, 1888, chapter 3.
352. The Lost Beliefs of Northern Europe by Hilda Ellis Davidson, 1993, p.92.
353. Ibid, p.99.
354. The Religion of the Northmen by Rudolph Keyser. Translated by Barclay Pennock, NEW YORK: CHARLES B. NORTON, 71 CHAMBERS STREET,
AGENT FOR LIBRARIES. 1854.
355. A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic, by Geir T. Zoëga, 1910.
356. The Religion of the Northmen by Rudolph Keyser. Translated by Barclay Pennock, NEW YORK: CHARLES B. NORTON, 71 CHAMBERS STREET,
AGENT FOR LIBRARIES. 1854.
357. Grimm's Teutonic Mythology by Jakob Grimm, Vol.'s 1-4, 1883, 1888, chapter 20.
358. Ibid.
359. Ibid.
360. Ibid.
361. Ibid.
362. Ibid, chapter 34.
363. Myths and Symbols In Pagan Europe by H. R. Ellis Davidson. 1988, p.62.
364. Grimm's Teutonic Mythology by Jakob Grimm, Vol.'s 1-4, 1883, 1888, chapter 34.
365. Ibid.
366. Ibid.
367. Ibid.
368. Grimm's Teutonic Mythology by Jakob Grimm, Vol.'s 1-4, 1883, 1888, chapter 3.
369. Ibid, chapter 20.
370. Ibid.
371. Myths and Symbols In Pagan Europe by H. R. Ellis Davidson. 1988, p.46.
372. Heimskringla: A History of the Norse Kings" (Norroena Society, London, 1907), Ynglinga Saga, chapter 8.
373. Ibn Fadlan's Account of the Rus with Some Commentary and Some Allusions to Beowulf by H. M. Smyser, 1965. pp 92-119, stanza 92.
374. Grimm's Teutonic Mythology by Jakob Grimm, Vol.'s 1-4, 1883, 1888, chapter 20.
375. Ibid.
376. Ibid.
377. Ibid.
378. Ibid.
379. Ibid.
380. Ibid.
381. Ibid.
382. Ibid.
383. Ibid.
384. Ibid, vol.4, p.1468.
385. Ibid, chapter 20.
386. Ibid.
387. A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic, by Geir T. Zoëga, 1910.
388. Myths and Symbols In Pagan Europe by H. R. Ellis Davidson. 1988, p.107.
389. Nordic Religions in the Viking Age by Thomas A. DuBois. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia. 1999, p.50.
390. Grimm's Teutonic Mythology by Jakob Grimm, Vol.'s 1-4, 1883, 1888, chapter 21.
391. Myths and Symbols In Pagan Europe by H. R. Ellis Davidson. 1988, p.2.
392. Ibid, p.102.
393. Ibid, p.133.
394. Ibid, p.103.
395. Ibid, p.103-104.
396. Ibid, p.104.
397. A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic, by Geir T. Zoëga, 1910.
398. Myths and Symbols In Pagan Europe by H. R. Ellis Davidson. 1988, p.104.
399. Grimm's Teutonic Mythology by Jakob Grimm, Vol.'s 1-4, 1883, 1888, chapter 3.
400. Myths and Symbols In Pagan Europe by H. R. Ellis Davidson. 1988, p.104.
401. Ibid, p.104-105.
402. Ibid, p.105.
403. Ibid, p.107.
404. A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic, by Geir T. Zoëga, 1910.
405. Myths and Symbols In Pagan Europe by H. R. Ellis Davidson. 1988, p.108.
406. Ibid, p.109.
407. Ibid, p.110.
408. Ibid, p.108-109.
409. Ibid, p.105.




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