The North People's Law.

1. The North people's king's geld is thirty thousand thrymsas; fifteen thousand thrymsas are for the wergild, and fifteen thousand for the cynedom. The wer belongs to the kindred, and the cynebot to the people.

2. An archbishop's and an aetheling's wer-gild is fifteen thousand thrymsas.

3. A bishop's and ealdorman's, eight thousand thrymsas.

4. A hold's and a king's high-reeves, four thousand thrymsas.

5. A mass-thane's and a secular thane's, two thousand thrymsas.

6. A ceorl's wergeld is two hundred and sixty-six thrymsas, that is two hundred shillings by Mercian law.

7. And if a Welsh-man thrive so that he have a hide of land, and can bring forth the king's gafol, then in his wergeld 110 shillings. And if he thrive not except to half a hide, then let his wer be eighty shillings.

8. If he have not any land, and yet be free, let him be paid for with seventy shillings.

9. And if a ceorlish man thrive, so that he have five hides of land for the king's ut-ware, and any one slay him, let him be paid for with two thousand thrymsas.

10. And though he thrive, so that he have a helm and a coat of mail, and a sword ornamented with gold, if he have not that land, he is nevertheless a ceorl.

11. And if his son and his son's son so thrive, that they have so much land; afterwards the offspring shall be of gesithcund race, at two thousand thrymsas.

12. And if they have not that, nor to that can thrive, let them be paid for as ceorlish.

13. Let the king's wergeld be with the English race, by folkright, thirty thousand thrymsas, and of these, let fifteen thousand be for the wer, and the other fifteen thousand for the cynedom. The wer belongs to the kindred of the royal family, and the cynebot to the people of the country.

14. An archbishop's and an eorl's wergeld is fifteen thousand thrymsas. . . .

18. A ceorl's wergeld is 267 thrymsas by the Danish law.

19. And a Welshman's wergeld, if he be to that degree enriched that he have a hide of land and property, and pay gafol to the king, it is then 220 shillings. But if he be only risen to half a hide, then let his wer be eighty shillings.

20. If he have no land, but is free, let him be paid for with seventy shillings.

21. If a ceorl be enriched to that degree, that he have five hides of land, and anyone slay him, let him be paid for with two thousand thrymsas.

22. And if he acquire so that he have a coat of mail and a helmet, and an over-gilded sword, if he have not that land, he is sithcund.

23. And if his son and the son's son that acquire, that they have so much land, let their successors be of the sithcund kin, and let them be paid for with two thousand thrymsas.

Of Mercian Law

A ceorl's wergeld is by the Mercian law 200 shillings. A thane's wergeld is six times as much, that is, twelve hundred shillings. Then is a king's simple wergeld six thanes' wer by Mercian law, that is, thirty thousand sceatts, and that is altogether 120 pounds. So much is the wergeld in the people's folkright by Mercian law. And for the cynedom there is due another such sum as bot for cynegild. The wer belongs to kindred, and the cynebot to the people.

Ranks.

Of people's ranks and law.

1. It is whilom, in the laws of the English, that people and law went by ranks, and then were the counsellors of the nation of worship worthy, each according to his condition, eorl and ceorl, thegn and theoden.

2. And if a ceorl thrived, so that he had fully five hides of his own land, church and kitchen, bell-house and burhgate-seat, and special duty in the king's hall, then was he thenceforth of thane-right worthy.

3. And if a thane thrived, so that he served the king, and on his summons, rode among his household; if he then had a thane who him followed, who to the king's utware, five hides had, and in the king's hall served his lord, and thrice with his errand went to the king; he might thenceforth, with his fore-oath, his lord represent, at various needs, and his plaint lawfully conduct, wheresover he ought.

4. And he who so prosperous a vice-gerent had not, swore to himself according to his right, or it forfeited.

5. And if a thane thrived, so that he became an eorl, then was he thenceforth of eorl-right worthy.

6. And if a merchant thrived, so that he fared thrice over the wide sea by his own means, then was he thenceforth of thane-right worthy.

7. And if there a scholar were, who through learning thrived, so that he had holy orders, and served Christ; then was he thenceforth of rank and power so much worthy, as then to those orders rightfully belonged, if he himself conducted as he should; unless he should misdo, so that he those orders' ministry might not minister.

8. And if it happened, that any one a man in orders, or a stranger, anywhere injured, by word or work; then pertained it to king and to the bishop, that they that should make good, as they soon might.

The Laws of King Athelstan924-939 A.D.

I, Aethelstan king, with the counsel of Wulfhelm, archbishop, and of my other bishops, make known to the reeves at each burh, and beseech you, in God's name, and by all his saints, and also by my friendship, that you first of my own goods render the tithes both of livestock and of the year's earthly fruits, so that they may most rightly be either meted, or told, or weighed out; and let the bishops then do the like from their own goods, and my ealdormen and my reeves the same. And I will, that the bishop and the reeves command it to all those who ought to obey them, that it be done at the right term. Let us bear in mind how Jacob the patriarch spoke: "Decimas et hostias pacificas offeram tibi;" and how Moses spoke in God's law: "Decimas et primitias non tardabis offerre Domino." It is for us to think how awfully it is declared in the books: If we will not render the tithes to God, that he will take from us the nine parts when we least expect; and, moreover, we have the sin in addition thereto. And I will also that my reeves do, that there be given the churchscots and the soulscots at the places to which they rightly belong: and plow-alms yearly, on this condition; that they shall enjoy it at the holy places who are willing to serve their churches, and of God and of me are willing to deserve it: but let him who will not, forfeit the bounty, or again turn to right. Now you hear, says the king, what I give to God, and what you ought to fulfil by my oferhyrnes. And do you also so that you may give to me my own what you for me may acquire. I wil1 not that you unjustly anywhere acquire aught for me; but I will grant to you your own justly, on this condition, that you yield to me mine; and shield both yourselves, and those whom you ought to exhort, against God's anger and against my oferhyrnes.

Of thieves.

1. First: that no thief be spared, who may be taken hand-haebbende, above twelve years, and above eight pence. And if any one so do, let him pay for the thief according to his wer, and let it not be the more settled for the thief, or that he clear himself thereby. But if he will defend himself, or flees away, then let him not be spared. If a thief be brought into prison: that he be forty days in prison, and let him be released thereout with 120 shillings, and let the kindred enter into borh for him that he evermore desist. And if after that he steal, let them pay for him according to his wer, or bring him again therein: and if any one stand up for him, let him pay for him according to his wer, as well to the king as to him to whom it lawfully belongs: and let every man of those there who stand by him pay to the king 120 shillings as wite.

Of lordless men.

2. And we have ordained: respecting those lordless men of whom no law can be got, that the kindred be commanded that they domicile him to folkright, and find him a lord in the folkmote; and if they then will not or cannot produce him at the term, then be he thenceforth a flyma, and let him slay him for a thief who can come at him: and whoever after that shall harbour him, let him pay for him according to his wer, or by it clear himself.

Of denial of right.

3. And the lord who denies justice, and upholds his evil-doing than, and the wing be applied to on that account; let him pay the ceapgeld, and give to the king 120 shillings: and he who applies to the king before he has prayed for justice, as oft it shall behove him; let him pay the like wite that the other should if he had denied him justice. And the lord who is privy to his theow's theft, and it is made manifest against him, let him forfeit the theow, and be liable in his wer, for the first time. If he do so oftener, let him be liable in all that he has: and, also, such of the king s horderes, or of our reeves, as shall be privy to the thieves who have stolen, let him be subject to the like. . . .

Of Witchcrafts.

6. And we have ordained respecting witch-crafts, and lybacs, and morthdaeds: if any one should be thereby killed, and he could not deny it, that he be liable in his life. But if he will deny it, and at threefold ordeal shall be guilty; that he be 120 days in prison: and after that let kindred take him out, and give to the king 120 shillings, and pay the wer to his kindred, and enter into borh for him, that he evermore desist from the like.

Of incendiaries.

7. Let incendiaries, and those who avenge a thief, be worthy of the like law. And he who will avenge a thief, and wounds no man, let him give to the king 120 shillings, as wite for the assault.

Of the single ordeal.

8. And we have ordained respecting the single ordeal, for those men who have been often accused, and have been found guilty, and they know not who shall take them in borh; let them be brought into prison: and let them be delivered out as here before is ordained.

Of landless men.

9. And we have ordained: if any landless man should become a follower of another shire, and again seek his kinsfolk; that he may harbour him on this condition, that he present him to folkright if he there do any wrong, or make bot for him.

Of attaching cattle.

10. He who attaches cattle, let five of his neighbours be named to him; and of the five let him get one who will swear with him that he takes it to himself by folkright: and he who will keep it to himself, to him let there be named ten men, and let him get two of them, and give the oath that it was born on his property, without the rimath; and let his cyreath stand for over twenty pence.

Of exchange.

11. And let no man exchange any property without the witness of the reeve, or of the mass-priest, or of the landlord, or of the hordere, or of other unlying man. If any one do so, let him give thirty shillings, and let the landlord take possession of the exchange.

Of wrongful witness.

12. But if it be found that any of these have given wrongful witness, that his witness never stand again for aught, and that he also give thirty shillings as wite.

That a man buy not out of port.

13. And we have ordained: that no man buy any property out of port over twenty pence; but let him buy there within, on the witness of the portreeve, or of another unlying man: or further, on the witness of the reeves at the folkmote.

Of reparing of burhs.

14. And we ordain: that every burh be repaired fourteen days over Rogation Days. Secondly: that every marketing be within port.

Of moneyers.

15. Thirdly: that there be one money over all the king's dominion, and that no man mint except within port. And if the moneyer be guilty, let the hand be struck off that wrought the offense, and, be set up on the money-smithy but if it be an accusation, and he is willing to clear himself; then let him go to the hot-iron, and clear the hand therewith with which he is charged that fraud to have wrought. And if at the ordeal he should be guilty, let the like be done as here before ordained.

In Canterbury seven moneyers; four the king's, and two the bishop's, one the abbot's.
At Rochester three; two the king's, and one the bishop's.
At London eight.
At Winchester six.
At Lewes two.
At Hastings one.
Another at Chichester.
At Hampton two.
At Wareham two.
At Exeter two.
At Shaftesbury two.
Else, at the other burhs one.

Of shieldwrights.

16. Fourthly: that no shieldwright cover a shield with sheep's skin; and if he so do, let him pay thirty shillings.

17. Fifthly: that every man have to the plough two well-horsed men.

Of those who take meed-money of a thief.

18. Sixthly: if any one take meed-money of a thief, and suppress another's right, let him be liable in his wer.

Of horses.

19. Seventhly: that no man part with a horse over sea, unless he wish to give it.

Of a theowman who is guilty at the ordeal.

20. And we have ordained respecting a theowman: if he were guilty at the ordeal, that the ceapgeld should be paid; and that he be scourged thrice, or a second geld be given: and be the wite of half value for theows.

Of him who fails to attend the gemot.

21. If any one, when summoned fail to attend the gemot thrice; let him pay the king's oferhyrnes, and let it be announced seven days before the gemot is to be. But if he will not do right, nor pay the oferhyrnes; then let all the chief men belongirg to the burh ride to him, and take all that he has, and put him in bohr. But if any one will not ride with his fellows, let him pay the king's oferhyrnes. And let it be announced at the gemot, that the frith be kept toward all that the king wills to be within the frith, and theft be foregone by his life and by all that he has. And he who for the wites not desist, then let all the chief men belonging to the burh ride to him, and take all that he has; and let the king take possession of half, of half the men who may be in the riding; and place him in borh. If he knows not who will be his borh, let them imprison him. If he will not suffer it, let him be killed, unless he escape. If any one will avenge him, or be at feud with any of them, then be he foe of the king, and to all his friends. If he escape, and any one harbour him, let him be liable to his wer; unless he shall dare to clear himself by the flyma's-wer, that he knew he was a flyma.

Of him who compounds for an ordeal.

22. If any one compound for an ordeal, let him compound for the ceapgeld, as he can, and not for the wite; unless he is willing to grant it to whom it may belong.

Of him who receives another man's man.

23. And let no man receive another man's man, without his leave whom he before followed. If any one so do; let him give up the man, and make bot the king's oferhyrnes. And let no one dismiss his accused man from him before he has done what is right.

Of him who gives wed for an ordeal.

24. If any one gives wed for an ordeal, then let him come three days before to the mass-priest who is to hallow it; and let him feed himself with bread and with water, and salt, and herbs, before he shall go to it; and let him attend mass each of the three days, and make an oblation, and go to the house on the day that he shall go to the ordeal: and then swear the oath that he is, according to the folkright, guiltless of the charge, before he goes to the ordeal. And if it be water, that he dive an ell and a half by the rope; if it be iron ordeal, let it be three days before the hand be undone. And let every man begin his charge with a fore-oath, as we before ordained: and be each of those fasting on either hand, who may be there together, by God's command and the archbishop's: and let there be on either side not more than twelve. If the accused man be with a larger company than some twelve, then be the ordeal void, unless they will go from him.

Of him who buys property.

25. And he who buys property with witnesses, and if after obliged to vouch it to warranty, then let him receive it from whom he before had bought it, whether he be free or bond, whichsoever he be. And let no marketing be on Sundays; but if any one do so, let him forfeit the goods, and pay thirty shillings as wite.

Of perjurers.

26. And he who shall swear a false oath, and it be made clear against him; that he never after be oath-worthy, nor let him lie within a hallowed burial-place, though he die, unless he have the testimony of the bishop in whose shrift-shire he may be, that he has made such bot as his confessor prescribed to him. And let his confessor announce to the bishop, within thirty days, whether he would turn to the bot. If he do not so, let him make bot in such wise as the bishop shall prescribe to him.

27. But if any one of my reeves will not do this, and care less about it than we have commanded; then let him pay my oferhyrnes, and I will find another who will. And let the bishop exact the oferhyrnes of the reeve for the first time five pounds; for the second time, his wer; for the third time, let him forfeit all that he has, and the friendship of us all. All this was established in the great synod at Greatanlea: in which was the archbishop Wulfhelm, with all the noblemen and witan whom King Aethelstan gather. . .

Doom concerning hot iron and water.

28. And concerning the ordeal we enjoin by command of God, and of the archbishop, and of all the bishops: that no man come within the church after the fire is borne in with which the ordeal shall be heated, except the mass-priest, and him who shall go thereto: and let there be measured nine feet from the stake to the mark, by the man's feet who goes thereto. But if it be water, let it be heated till it low to boiling. And be the kettle of iron or of brass, of lead or of clay. And if it be a single accusation, let the hand dive after the stone up to the wrist, and if it be threefold, up to the elbow. And when the ordeal is ready, then let two men go in of either side; and be they agreed that it is so hot as we before have said. And let go an equal number of men of either side, and stand on both sides of the ordeal, along the church; and let these all be fasting,and abstinent from their wives on that night; and let the mass-priest sprinkle holy water over them all, and let each of them taste of the holy water, and give them all the book and the image of Christ's rood to kiss: and let no man mend the fire any longer when the hallowing is begun; but let the iron lie upon the hot embers till the last collect: after that let it be laid upon the stapela; and let there be no other speaking within, except that they earnestly pray to Almighty God that he make manifest what is truest. And let him go thereto; and let his hand be enveloped, and be it postponed till after the third day, whether it be foul or clean within the envelope. And he who shall break this law, be the ordeal with respect to him void, and let him pay to the king 120 shillings as wite. Walreaf is the nithing's deed: if any one desire to deny it, let him do so with eight and forty full-born thanes.