Roman Scandinavia - Primary Sources
Strabo
Strabo, Geographica
1.4.2-5, 2.1.18, 2.4.1-2, 2.5.8, 2.5.26, 2.5.43, 4.5.5, 7.1.1-3, 7.2.1-4;
From LCL
I. (1) eirêkosi d'
hêmin peri tês Ibêrias kai tôn Keltikôn
ethnôn kai tôn Italikôn sun tais plêsion nêsois
ephexês an eiê legein ta leipomena tês Eurôpês
merê, dielousi ton endechomenon tropon. leipetai de ta pros heô
men ta peran tou Rhênou mechri tou Tanaidos kai tou stomatos tês
Maiôtidos limnês, kai hosa metaxu tou Adriou kai tôn
aristerôn tês Pontikês thalattês merôn apolambanei
pros noton mechri tês Hellados kai tês Propontidos ho Istros:
diairei gar houtos hapasan hôs engutatô dicha tên lechtheisan
gên, megistos tôn kata tên Eurôpên potamôn,
rheôn pros noton kat' archas, eit' epistrephôn euthus apo
tês duseôs epi tên anatolên kai ton Ponton. archetai
men oun apo tôn Germanikôn akrôn tôn hesperiôn,
plêsion de kai tou muchou tou Adriatikou, diechôn autou peri
chilious stadious: teleutai d' eis ton Ponton ou polu apôthen tôn
tou Tura kai tou Borusthenous ekbolôn, ekklinôn pôs
pros arktous. prosarktia men oun esti tôi Istrôi ta peran
tou Rhênou kai tês Keltikês: tauta d' esti ta te Galatika
ethnê kai ta Germanika mechri Bastarnôn kai Turegetôn
kai tou potamou tou Borusthenous, kai hosa metaxu toutou kai Tanaidos
kai tou stomatos tês Maiôtidos eis te tên mesogaian
anateinei mechri tou ôkeanou kai têi Pontikêi kluzetai
thalattêi: mesêmbrina de ta te Illurika kai ta Thraikia kai
hosa toutois anamemiktai tôn Keltikôn ê tinôn
allôn, mechri tês Hellados. legômen de prôton
peri tôn ektos tou Istrou: polu gar haploustera tôn epi thatera
merôn estin.
(2) euthus toinun ta peran tou Rhênou meta tous Keltous pros tên
heô keklimena Germanoi nemontai, mikron exallattontes tou Keltikou
phulou tôi te pleonasmôi tês agriotêtos kai tou
megethous kai tês xanthotêtos, talla de paraplêsioi
kai morphais kai êthesi kai biois ontes, hoious eirêkamen
tous Keltous. dio dê kai moi dokousi Rhômaioi touto autois
thesthai tounoma hôs an gnêsious Galatas phrazein boulomenoi:
gnêsioi gar hoi Germanoi kata tên Rhômaiôn dialekton.
(3) esti de ta men prôta merê tês chôras tautês
ta pros tôi Rhênôi mechri tôn ekbolôn apo
tês pêgês arxamenois: schedon de ti kai tout' esti to
hesperion tês chôras platos, hê potamia pasa. tautês
de ta men eis tên Keltikên metêgagon Rhômaioi,
ta d' ephthê metastanta eis tên en bathei chôran, kathaper
Marsoi: loipoi d' eisin oligoi kai tôn Sougambrôn meros. meta
de tous parapotamious talla estin ethnê ta metaxu tou Rhênou
kai tou Albios potamou, hos parallêlos pôs ekeinôi rhei
pros ton ôkeanon, ouk elattô chôran diexiôn êper
ekeinos. eisi de metaxu kai alloi potamoi plôtoi (hôn en tôi
Amasiai Drousos Broukterous katenaumachêse), rheontes hôsautôs
apo notou pros borran kai ton ôkeanon. exêrtai gar hê
chôra pros noton kai sunechê tais Alpesi poiei rhachin tina
pros heô tetamenên, hôs an meros ousan tôn Alpeôn:
kai dê kai apephênanto tines houtôs dia te tên
lechtheisan thesin kai dia to tên autên hulên ekpherein:
ou mên epi tosouto ge hupsos anischei ta tautêi orê.
entautha d' estin ho Herkunios drumos kai ta tôn Soêbôn
ethnê, ta men oikounta entos tou drumou, en hois esti kai to Bouiaimon
to tou Marobodou basileion, eis hon ekeinos topon allous te metanestêse
pleious kai dê kai tous homoethneis heautôi Markommanous.
epestê gar tois pragmasin houtos ex idiôtou meta tên
ek Rhômês epanodon: neos gar ên enthade kai euergeteito
hupo tou Sebastou, epanelthôn de edunasteuse kai katektêsato
pros hois eipon Lougious te, mega ethnos, kai Zoumous kai Goutônas
kai Mougilônas kai Sibinous kai tôn Soêbôn autôn
mega ethnos, Semnônas. plên ta ge tôn Soêbôn,
hôs ephên, ethnê ta men entos oikei, ta de ektos tou
drumou, homora tois Getais. megiston men oun to tôn Soêbôn
ethnos: diêkei gar apo tou Rhênou mechri tou Albios: meros
de ti autôn kai peran tou Albios nemetai, kathaper Hermondoroi kai
Lankobardoi: nuni de kai teleôs eis tên peraian houtoi ge
ekpeptôkasi pheugontes. koinon d' estin hapasi tois tautêi
to peri tas metanastaseis eumares dia tên litotêta tou biou
kai dia to mê geôrgein mêde thêsaurizein, all'
en kalubiois oikein ephêmeron echousi paraskeuên: trophê
d' apo tôn thremmatôn hê pleistê kathaper tois
nomasin, hôst' ekeinous mimoumenoi ta oikeia tais harmamaxais eparantes
hopêi an doxêi trepontai meta tôn boskêmatôn.
alla d' endeestera estin ethnê Germanika Chêrouskoi te kai
Chattoi kai Gamabriouioi kai Chattouarioi: pros de tôi ôkeanôi
Sougambroi te kai Chauboi kai Broukteroi kai Kimbroi Kaukoi te kai Kaoulkoi
kai Kampsianoi kai alloi pleious. epi tauta de tôi Amasiai pherontai
Bisourgis te kai Loupias potamos, diechôn Rhênou peri hexakosious
stadious, rheôn dia Broukterôn tôn elattonôn.
esti de kai Salas potamos, hou metaxu kai tou Rhênou polemôn
kai katorthôn Drousos eteleutêsen ho Germanikos. echeirôsato
d' ou monon tôn ethnôn ta pleista, alla kai tas en tôi
paraplôi nêsous, hôn esti kai hê Burchanis, hên
ek poliorkias heile.
II. (1) peri de Kimbrôn
ta men ouk eu legetai, ta d' echei pithanotêtas ou metrias. oute
gar tên toiautên aitian tou planêtas genesthai kai lêistrikous
apodexait' an tis, hoti cherronêson oikountes megalêi plêmmuridi
exelatheien ek tôn topôn: kai gar nun echousi tên chôran
hên eichon proteron, kai epempsan tôi Sebastôi dôron
ton hierôtaton par' autois lebêta, aitoumenoi philian kai
amnêstian tôn hupêrgmenôn, tuchontes de hôn
êxioun apêran: geloion de tôi phusikôi kai aiôniôi
pathei dis hekastês hêmeras sumbainonti prosorgisthentas apelthein
ek tou topou. eoike de plasmati to sumbênai pote huperballousan
plêmmurida: epitaseis men gar kai aneseis dechetai, tetagmenas de
kai periodizousas, ho ôkeanos en tois toioutois pathesin. ouk eu
d' oude ho phêsas hopla airesthai pros tas plêmmuridas tous
Kimbrous, oud' hoti aphobian hoi Keltoi askountes katakluzesthai tas oikias
hupomenousin, eit' anoikodomousi, kai hoti pleiôn autois sumbainei
phthoros ex hudatos ê polemou, hoper Ephoros phêsin. hê
gar taxis hê tôn plêmmuridôn kai to tên
epikluzomenên chôran einai gnôrimon ouk emelle toiautas
tas atopias parexein. dis gar hekastês hêmeras toutou sumbainontos
to mêd' hapax aisthanesthai phusikên ousan tên palirroian
kai ablabê, kai ou monois toutois sumbainousan alla tois parôkeanitais
pasi, pôs ouk apithanon; oude Kleitarchos eu: phêsi gar tous
hippeas idontas tên ephodon tou pelagous aphippasasthai kai pheugontas
engus genesthai tou perikatalêphthênai. oute de tosoutôi
tachei tên epibasin hormômenên historoumen, alla lelêthotôs
prosiousan tên thalattan: oute to kath' hêmeran ginomenon
kai pasin enaulon êdê on tois plêsiazein mellousi prin
ê theasasthai, tosouton emelle parexesthai phobon hôste pheugein,
hôs an ei ex adokêtou prosepese.
(2) tauta te dê dikaiôs epitimai tois sungrapheusi Poseidônios
kai ou kakôs eikazei, dioti lêistrikoi ontes kai planêtes
hoi Kimbroi kai mechri tôn peri tên Maiôtin poiêsainto
strateian, ap' ekeinôn de kai ho Kimmerios klêtheiê
Bosporos, hoion Kimbrikos, Kimmerious tous Kimbrous onomasantôn
tôn Hellênôn. phêsi de kai Boious ton Herkunion
drumon oikein proteron, tous de Kimbrous hormêsantas epi ton topon
touton, apokrousthentas hupo tôn Boiôn epi ton Istron kai
tous Skordiskous Galatas katabênai, eit' epi Teuristas kai Tauriskous,
kai toutous Galatas, eit' epi Helouêttious, poluchrusous men andras
eirênaious de: horôntas de ton ek tôn lêistêriôn
plouton huperballonta tou par' heautois tous Helouêttious eparthênai,
malista d' autôn Tigurinous te kai Tôugenous, hôste
kai sunexormêsai. pantes mentoi kateluthêsan hupo tôn
Rhômaiôn autoi te hoi Kimbroi kai hoi sunaramenoi toutois,
hoi men huperbalontes tas Alpeis eis tên Italian hoi d' exô
tôn Alpeôn.
(3) ethos de ti tôn Kimbrôn diêgountai toiouton, hoti
tais gunaixin autôn sustrateuousais parêkolouthoun promanteis
hiereiai poliotriches, leucheimones, karpasinas ephaptidas epipeporpêmenai,
zôsma chalkoun echousai, gumnopodes: tois oun aichmalôtois
dia tou stratopedou sunêntôn xiphêreis, katastepsasai
d' autous êgon epi kratêra chalkoun hoson amphoreôn
eikosin: eichon de anabathran, hên anabasa . . . huperpetês
tou lebêtos elaimotomei hekaston meteôristhenta: ek de tou
procheomenou haimatos eis ton kratêra manteian tina epoiounto, allai
de diaschisasai esplanchneuon anaphthengomenai nikên tois oikeiois.
en de tois agôsin etupton tas bursas tas peritetamenas tois gerrois
tôn harmamaxôn, hôst' apoteleisthai psophon exaision.
(4) tôn de Germanôn, hôs eipon, hoi men prosarktioi
paroikousi tôi ôkeanôi, gnôrizontai d' apo tôn
ekbolôn tou Rhênou labontes tên archên mechri
tou Albios. toutôn d' eisi gnôrimôtatoi Sougambroi te
kai Kimbroi. ta de peran tou Albios ta pros tôi ôkeanôi
pantapasin agnôsta hêmin estin. oute gar tôn proterôn
oudenas ismen ton paraploun touton pepoiêmenous pros ta heôthina
merê ta mechri tou stomatos tês Kaspias thalattês, outh'
hoi Rhômaioi pô proêlthon eis ta peraiterô tou
Albios: hôs d' hautôs oude pezêi parôdeukasin
oudenes. all' hoti men kata mêkos iousin epi tên heô
ta kata ton Borusthenê kai ta pros borran tou Pontou chôria
apantai, dêlon ek tôn klimatôn kai tôn parallêlôn
diastêmatôn. ti d' esti peran tês Germanias kai ti tôn
allôn tôn hexês, eite Bastarnas chrê legein, hôs
hoi pleious huponoousin, eit' allous metaxu ê Iazugas ê Rhôxolanous
ê tinas allous tôn hamaxoikôn ou rhaidion eipein, oud'
ei mechri tou ôkeanou parêkousi para pan to mêkos, ê
esti ti aoikêton hupo psuchous ê allês aitias, ê
ei kai genos anthrôpôn allo diadechetai metaxu tês thalattês
kai tôn heôiôn Germanôn hidrumenon. touto de to
auto agnoêma kai peri tôn allôn tôn ephexês
prosarktiôn epechei. oute gar tous Bastarnas oute tous Sauromatas
kai haplôs tous huper tou Pontou oikountas ismen, outh' hoposon
apechousi tês Atlantikês thalattês, out' ei sunaptousin
autêi.
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