In its concept of the zero vector, vector mathematics discards zero-vector summations of active systems of vectors. It replaces such a summation with a zero vector. This is fine for mathematics as an abstract system, but it is in error when applied to real electromagnetic force fields of nature.

In the abstract mathematics, a vector zero summation is made the "absence of all finite vectors". Further, all vector zeros are made equal. No concept of the "internal stress" of the zero vector exists in abstract vector mathematics.

However, physically the zero summation or "balancing" of vector forces in a medium represents stress in that medium. In the physical case, a vector zero summation system of non-zero vectors has a dynamic substructure, and this substructure is an individual.

Obviously, in the physical case vector zero summations may materially differ, both in the pattern of stress and the magnitude of stress. They cannot all be equated. Further, they are not the absence of vectors, but represent the presence of vectors in a special manner. Such a zero summation of EM vector forces directly stresses the "medium" -- which may be the vacuum itself.

In the physical case, several changes to the axioms of abstract vector mathematics are required. (1) the "potential" of a vector zero must be taken into account, such as is represented by the sum of the squares of the magnitudes of its vector components. (2) the specific deterministic pattern of the vector components comprising the zero must be taken into account. (3) The dynamic variation in both the deterministic directions and deterministic magnitudes of the components and of the overall pattern must be taken into account. (4) Frequencies of the changes in the direction, magnitude, and actual makeup of the vector zero must now be accounted for. That is, time and wavelengths are rigorously aspects of the vector zero, and these may be deterministic variables. Since time itself is now a variable aspect of the vector, the vector zero system can affect its "rate of time flow" in the observer's system. (5) Since a "reference vector zero" can be established at any point of a vector magnitude, then individual vectors themselves may have dynamic substructures inside a special "zero reference" in and on the vector. The patterned potential of a vector is a reality.

This leads to a system of "vectors nested inside vectors" ad infinitum. In other words, it leads to an infinite-dimensional system, and the "opening" of every finite closed vector system through its vector zeroes.

For application to physical electrogravitational systems, at least 5 dimensions are required, four of space and one of time.

Here we still are considering only a special case where all vector zero summations represent EM force field energy locked in a gravitational potential, or gravitational force field energy locked inside the EM potentials. That is, we are prescribing a system where the only intertranslation of energy is among mass, EM field, gravitational field, and vacuum virtual energy (anenergy).

(See T. E. Bearden Toward a New Electromagnetics: Part III: Clarifying the Vector Concept, Tesla Book Co., 1580 Magnolia, Milbrae, CA 94030, 1983; Part 4: Vectors and Mechanisms Clarified, 1983. See also E. T. Whittaker, Proc. Lond. Math. Soc. 1, 367, 1903; Robert Bruce Lindsay and Henry Margenau, Foundations of Physics, Dover, New York, 1963, p. 283-287; Richard P. Feynman et al, The Feynman Lectures on Physics, Addison-Wesley, New York, Vol. 1, p.2-4.).

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